11 Temmuz 2010 Pazar

Principle Of Ignoratia Juris Non Excusat and Unfairness of Applying It To Every Exact Criminal Cases


Ignoratia juris non excusat or Ignorantia legis neminem excusat is that not knowing criminal law is not a reasonable and probable cause to get rid of responsibility of person's acts. In other words ignorance of the law does not excuse" or "ignorance of the law excuses no one". Ignorance of the law is no excuse; typically refers to criminal charges, in which such ignorance is not a cognizable defense. It is a fundanmental principle of Turkish Criminal Law which is a public policy holding that a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for his or her acts. It is applicable for all criminal cases without exception, however absolute application of "Ignoratia juris non excusat" leads to unfairness and injustice in many concrete events or cases.

Many criminal lawyers agree with the legal principle "Ignorance of the law is no excuse for breaking it." They believe that this principle should be respected. According to their opinions persons have a certain responsibility of knowing and obeying the laws which their representatives have made. In other words knowing the laws that involve you is part of your responsibility as a citizen. However in modern law systems, absolute responsibility of persons to their states as a citizen is outdated. The new idea is that, a state works for its citizens, and responsibility of a state to its citizens is accountable. In addition, a social state (as Turkiye) cannot ask for much than it gives to its citizens. Whether a state teachs its laws to their citizens (in the schools) , then it can demand that a citizen knows criminal laws. In Turkiye, people are not well educated and most of them do not even go to high school, and it is unfair that applying Ignoratia juris non excusat toward them. In Turkish high school curriculum, there is only one course (in the first year of high school) related to law and it is "Citizenship" course in which people are taught their constitutional rights. There is no any other courses which include legal background.

Criminal Lawyers state that unless this principle is applied, many abuses can be made in jurisdiction and an honest and true verdict cannot be given. However this thesis is unacceptable. It is not justified absolute application of Ignoratia juris non excusat in any case. This causes abuses of persons. Ignorantia juris non excusat was the proscribed standard at a time when the law was barely more than an official declaration that "the right thing" was that which any reasonable person would judge to be moral and fair. It was never meant to apply to a time where the laws on the books could fill "entire libraries". Individual citizens should not be held accountable to the rules they do not know about.

The law seems pretty clear, although overwhelmingly voluminous. Even people who have legal background (for example attorneys) cannot know every technical details of criminal laws. Argumentum a fortiori, an individual cannot be expected to know entire criminal law. It is outdated and impractical.

It is obvious that Ignoratia juris non excusat can be applied in many cases, however absolute application is unjust. Every concrete events must be examined and discussed with taking its characteristics into account. To illustrate, homicide is a criminal act, a person must know whether he or she commits homicide, he or she is responsible for their act. However there is a criminal act which is regulated in TCC (Turkish Criminal Code article 217 ) that is "publicly incite people to not comply with the law " An individual citizen is not expected to know that. Persons can tell their decisions which are against any law to others and if others are convinced that mentioned law is unfair. Then they can choose not to obey that law. In a case like that, people who just tell their decisions to others can be punished. TCC article 318 regulates that "if a person criticizes military institution in a bad way, he or she will be punished". An individual person should know this. In addition there are 345 articles in TCC and there are other articles (related to criminal law) in any other codes (such as Banks Code, Enforcement of Bankruptcy Code). These articles are changed, added, corrected, abolished many times. Even lawyers cannot know all of them anytime.

There are persons who are Turkish citizens however live in another countries. To illustrate many Turkish citizen live in Germany and work in there. They are not be expected to know all of the codes and articles. For example in early 1980s, using or carrying foreign money was forbidden in Turkiye. A Turkish citizen (who lived in Germany and come Turkiye to visit his relatives) was carrying the Deutsche Mark (German money). Police found DM in his pocket and He is arrested. He defended himself by telling the court "he does not know that he should not carry foreign money" however he cannot get rid of responsibility.

If the law is "ars boni et aequi", the principles must be modified. Justice is the significant thing in the world. Everything must be done to protect it. Corruption must be prevented.

THE ISSUE OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE: THE PRACTICES IN COMPARATIVE LAW AND TURKISH CIVIL LAW



Same Sex marriage (also called gay marriage) is defined as marriage between two persons of the same biological sex which is legally recognized. This institution is widely accepted in some legal systems while many countries do not apply for it.

Same sex marriage currently is being implemented in seven countries. The Netherlands became the first country (in 2001) that the application of same sex marriage was legal. After the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Spain, South Africa, Norway and the states of Massachusetts and California in the United States have adopted same-sex marriage. Even Israel legally recognize same-sex marriage which are applied outside the borders of the country. Nevertheless, same-sex marriage cannot be applied within the borders.

There are many practises, which are giving some of the advantages of a legal marriage to homosexual couples. These practices are "domestic partnership", "civil union" and registered partnership" (practising in Argentina, Brazil, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland, united Kingdom, Israel, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Finland, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Andorra, Australia, Columbia, Czech Republic. In the United States; California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, Washington DC.)

In Turkish Civil Law, marriage is a contract that the parties declare mutual consents which iis also called "consensus facit nuptias". However the parties are not free to organize contractual marriage. Marriage is regulated in Turkish Civil Code and there are series of conditions that should be fulfilled to be in the status of being married.

Marriage is possible to be applied between the two different genders; female and male. Persons who are from same-sex cannot marry with each other. Accordingly the prior condition of marriage is that spouses must be heterogeneous (belong to different biological sex). This condition is so natural that even the law is not needed to being regulated about genders of the spouses. Nevertheless in Turkish Civil Code article 134 is clearly emphasized that "the man and the woman who are going to marry each other may apply to the marriage officer together."

If one of the terms has not been carried, the contract of marriage would be invalid. Even if the marriage officer has officiated the process, the marriage is null and ineffective. In other words same-sex marriage is not legally recognized in Turkiye. This issue is clearly regulated in Turkish Civil Code; article 140.

This situation leads to inequality. According to Turkish Law, the purpose of marriage is to establish a continuous life between a woman and a man. This approach is one dimension of gender discrimination. If a couple decide (with their own free will) to fulfill the obligations which are required in a marriage, this couple should benefit the advantages of legal union of marriage that are provided by the state they are bound with citizenship. If some citizens could benefit the advantages of marriage but some of them could not because of their sexual preferences, this means the state is liable of gender separation between citizens. As it is known there is an article in European Human Rights Convention against any kind of separation such as gender discrimination. Forbidding and unrecognizing same-sex marriage can be easily assumed as sexual discrimination of persons. If a homosexual couple agree to obey the obligations of marriage (such as loyalty between spouses; based on TCC; art 185/3), the protection of personal rights based on being in a marriage (based on TCC; art. 34), providing the welfare of the family union (TCC; art 185), supporting each other (TCC; art. 186) then they should be given the right to marry and to benefit the advantages of a legal marriage. Germany adopted a special law (called Gesetz zur Beendigung der Diskriminierung Gleichgeschlechtlicher Gemeinschaften: Lebenpartnerschaften; The Law about Ending Discrimination in the Same-Sex, Life Partnership) which is aimed to prevent discrimination between persons who are envisaged by the constitution.

The right of marriage and having children depend on the natural human rights (natural human rights doctrine). These rights should not be prevented by any modern legal system. Opponents of same-sex marriage generally claim that same-sex marriage is not ethical, natural and if it becomes a legal institution, it will cause indignation in the society. However, law should be created to obtain justice, not to protect the ethical values of society. In addition welfare of the relationship is the basic element of a marriage, not the gender of the parties. Many people consider that homosexuals could simply choose to be heterosexual if they wished, and also homosexual relations are about nothing but sexual intercourse. This is why, society is against establishing value of gay marriage. The truth is that homosexuals do not have a choice any more than heterosexuals. Also to be homosexual is more than sexual intercourse, it is a part of that person's identity. People should not be discriminated due to their identities. There is no reason for marriage being an institution between a man and a woman. The definitions of marriage, the married and the marriable are made by who? This is not any kind of aspect but an expression of prejudice. The law should not be established on these kind of relative understanding but it should be established on equity and justice. Opponents also consider that if a gay couple is allowed to marry, then they could demand to have children.. Raising by gay souses would affect a child in a negative way. However having children is a basic human right and nobody should be debared from using a human right. Moreover, children abuse is not a problem concerned with gay marriages. There are many cases of child abuse committed by heterosexual parents. Therefore, forbidding same sex marriage is not a solution to prevent children abuse. For this purpose, any other institutions should be activated. To sum up there is no reason to prevent homosexual persons to marry and have children while heterosexuals is allowed to achieve all these.

The reason that societies (and also states) oppose same-sex marriage are that people are not comfortable with the idea which is incompatible with religious principles. In many states, people could apply religious marriage ceremony so if same-sex marriage is allowed, gay couples could demand religious ceremony. It is also thought that gay marriage could violate the sanctity of marriage. In addition gay sex is unnatural. However there are many animan species which are in homosexual behaviours. Furthermore, people could not be restricted and forced by religious understanding.. Sanctity has many kinds, commitment of two persons (their genders are not important) is sacred enough.

There is an understanding that gay marriages would legitimate homosexuality. However homosexuality is not a threat for humankind and also it is more than a choice. Legally recognized or not, homosexuality is a normal variation on how human develops. The issue is clear; whether a society respect persons' identity or not.

Application of same-sex marriage is not only forbidden in the borders of Turkiye, but also homosexual marriage out of borders is null; because every citizens are subjects of the law of their countries. Therefore same-sex marriage which is made out of the borders is not legally recognized in Turkiye.

Whether or not homosexual couples fulfill the same obligations with heterosexuals, they cannot apply the marriage institution and the legal protection that a marriage provides. This leads to discrimination between citizens who have equal rights guaranteed by Constitution. In other words, there is an indirect contravention to the articles in force. Spouses should not be described as "a woman and a man" in Civil Code. There should be refrained from highlighting sexual identity in the text of the Code.

The reasons of preventing homosexual marriage are irrelevant, biased and based on ignorance. To be a just and honorable society, states must threat according to rule of law. To sum up the las phrase from the Pledge of Allegance; "With liberty and justice for all".

The Issue Of Restavec Children: Liability Of The State And Adopted Measures By Global Institutions







































Restavec is a child in Haiti who is sent to work for a host household as a domestic servant by their parents because the parents do not have adequate opportunities to provide food and shelter to their children. In many cases, the child is abused.(1)


There is needed an enforceable and efficient protection of law to prevent Child Abuse in Haiti, however the Government is disable to fight with Child Slavery. Despite a state is liable for protecting fundamental human rights, Haitian Government does not adopt domestic laws against child abuse.


I intend to highlight state liability for protection of fundamental human rights (especially child rights), and measures which are adopted in the international platform such as; "The Convention On The Rights Of The Child" (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly). Governments that ratify The Convention On The Rights Of Child or one of its Optional Protocols must report to the Comitee On The Rights Of The Child. The Commitee is made up 18 experts who have legal backgrounds in the field of children's rights from different countries. They are nominated and elected by States but they act in a personal capacity, not as representatives of their countries.


Having agreed to meet the standarts of The Convention, Governments are obliged to bring their legislation, policy and practice in accordance with the standarts in the Convention; to transform the standarts into reality for all children; and to abstain from any action that may preclude the enjoyment of those rights or violate them. Government should report, periodically, to a commitee of independent experts on their progress tp achieve all the standarts. Report Samples of Haiti are given a place below.


Haiti is a Carribean country and she taes place on the island Hispanola, "Little Spain". The larger part of the country is mountanious and inhabitable, therefore the urban cities are densely populated.(2)


According to the census in 2009, Haiti has about 9 million citizens. The Capital; Port-au-Prince has 2.5 million habitants. There is a cramped narrowness with noise, dirt, dust, constant daily traffic jams at the inadequate roads. There is a very significant infrastructure problems.


Haiti is a low income country which suffers from high inflation rates and lack of investment. There are grants from USA and the other developed countries for solving this problem, but without much success. Haitians' incomes depend on a small scale farming. Because of the fact that the country suffers from natural disasters, the agriculture sector is being damaged. Nevertheless Haiti has an agricultural export sector. There is also fishing and forestry. Mangos, coffee, cocoa and soap are the dominant products of the industry.


In Haiti, 70% of the population live under the subsistence level, the unemployment rate is about 65% and unfortunately only %5 of the citizens live in prosperity. according to the results of Unicef research; Haiti has the highest rates of infants under five and maternal mortality in the Western Hemisphere. Malaria, tuberclosis and HIV/AIDS are leading cases of death. 60% of the population, primarily in rural areas, lack access to basic health-care services. Only a little over half of primary school age children are enrolled in school. Less than 2% of children graduate from secondary school.


As many a 2.000 children are trafficked to the Dominian Republic in a year, often with their parents' support.


There is a kind of child slavery which is known as "Restavec System". Parents who are too poor to feed and clothe their kids give away their children to other families. In this system the children are supposed to be fed properly, get shelter and be sent to school in return. Nevertheless for many, the reality is very different. The restavec children face bad threatment. They are forced to work in very heavy conditions. Most of them sleep under a kitchen table, are beaten (in many cases; with whips). They are physically, emotionally and psychologically abused and their parents are often unaware of how their children being threated.


Unicef estimates that there could be as many as 300.000 restavec children in Haiti, tousands living with the constant threat of violence. "There are cases of rape and there are children who actually die from abuses." emphasized Julie Bergeron, Unicef Head of Children Protection in Haiti.(3)


A United Nations expert on contemporary forms of slavery, Gulnara Shahinian visited Haiti on the invitation of the government and issued a report that included the recommendations summarized below:


She urges the Government to establish a national commission on children, with special attention given to vulnerable children, to monitor and ensure protection of the rights of children. The Special Rapporteur further recommends that in the area of prevention, the Government develop proactive complex prevention programmes to eliminate the practice of restavec. She believes that the Government of Haiti should take urgent measures to bring local legislation into conformity with international legal instruments ratified by Haiti; ratify the International Covenant on Economic,, Social and Cultural Rights, The International Convention On The Protection Of The Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; and adopt immediate and long-term measures to adress shortcomings in Te Aministration of Jstice in the country.


Jonathan Willis (photographer) stated that; He got the phone call in July. Two weeks later he stapped off a plane into the shanty hills of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. With his camera gear strapped to his back, he was ready to begin telling the story of the restavec children.


He had no idea what he would find.


He is a father. On his second day in Haiti, he walked into a room filled with children given unknowingly into slavery by their own fathers and mothers. Seventy-five children and nota sound. The silence was unnatural and horrifying. Not a child made eye contact; they looked to the corners of the ceiling, to the ground. In their ill-fitting clothes - some in rags, some wearing the handed down dresses of their owner's legitimate children - they filed into a smaller room where his team asked them questions. If they were indeed restavec children, Willis asked if they wanted to go to school.


"Qui" the child would answer. Yes. They knew school provided some escape. The restavec system is a common Haitian practise, so the injustice is ignored. Parents are lured into sendind their children to families in the city in hopes they'll find a better future and education. But many children become an object of labour and abuse. Poverty breeds desperation. Lack of education breeds slavery. This exhibition is filled with those restavec children. These story is in their faces, and it's a consistent story. The same fear, confusion and detachment rises again, again, and again. If there is any hope there, it is buried. If there is a rescue there, it will happen through the people who look into their faces and see the injustice - and the beauty - and then act on it.


When he finished taking the portraits, he walked away from the building. Some of the restavec children were standing behind a pole, while other children - the parented - laughed at them. It was such a dark place.


He got back to his home in the United States and reached for his own children. In his bag, he had hundreds of photographs demanding he stayed engaged with what he just left behind. He hadaen those children into a vulnerable place by taking their portraits - by being an adult who smiled at them, said "bonjour" and "merci" and did not strike them. It could not stop with that.


"What will you do?", his wife asked.


"Take their stories out to others", he said. "I will not meet the restavec silence with my own silence".


He is right.


The Haitian Government does not comply with the provisions of the Convention On The Rights Of Child because it has not created adequate domestic legislation to fight against child servitude.


In November 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention On The Rights Of The Child, recognizing "that in all countries in the worls, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need special consideration."


Then in May 2000, the General Assembly adopted an Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.


In 1990, the UN Commission on Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography with a mandate to investigate the problem and submit reports to the General Assembly.


The Convention On The Rights Of The Child is signed by 191 countries. Somali and USA have not signed the convention. Article 4 regulates that parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implemention of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation. Although Haiti is a state party, the government failed to perform it's obligations due to poverty.


According to the Humanitarian Action Report 2010, the emergency needs to fulfill core commitments for children (for 2010) are these;


Healt and Nutrition 5.400.000 USD

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 2.200.000 USD

Education 2.800.000 USD

Child Protection 2.100.000 USD

HIV/AIDS 500.000 USD

TOTAL 13.000.000 USD


By ratifying the Convention On The Rights Of The Child in 1995, Haiti effectively gave it superior legal authority to all domestic legislation, with the exception of the Constitution. Though Haiti attemptted to strengthen the implementation of the Convention in presenting a draft Children's Code to Parliament in 1998, after a postponement of the Code's review, the lack of functioning Parliament has prevented it from making further progress in the legislatiive process. Even before Haiti signed the CRC, the Constitution passed in 1987 called for a Family Code, but the legislature has yet to approve one. Haiti did, however, adopt a law in 2001 prohibiting the use of corporal punishment.
Although law has established several government agencies to provide social assistance, including protection to children, in practise, the systems cannot be properly functioned due to a lack of resources and political upheaval. The Social Welfare and Research Institute and the Social Welfare Fund (which are established by the Ministry of Social Affairs) are responsible for aiding parents with their parental responsibilities. Nevertheless, Haiti reported to the Committee on the Rights of the Child that, "the State does not intervene directly in family life in order to safeguard the best interests of the child, owing partly to the opposition of the families themselves and partly to the State's own lack of resources."
If the government had the resources and political stability to implement the child protective legislation, Haiti has no provision requiring children to be heard in protective proceedings. Despite Haiti's admission that the government does not intervene in families to protect children, in the same report, Haiti states:
In practice, there are a number of administrative procedures that bear witness to the Government's desire to respect children's views. Separation from parents, for example, is never a decision guided purely by the objective interests of the child, but usually occurs within the agreement and consent of the child in particular. The IBESR and the juvenile court take account of children's preferences in this regard. (4) So, presumably, were child protective procedures to take place in Haiti, administrative procedures direct authorities to consult the child. At the same time, Haiti acknowledges that a cultural lack of tolerance often prevents children from participating in decisions affecting them, especially in poorer populations. (5)
Numerous factors prevent Haiti's implemention of the CRC. After a violent rebellion forced the president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to escape from the country in February of 2004, Haiti has not been able to establish new permanent government. Haiti is a low income country, suffers from natural disasters and there are significant infrastructure problems. Moreover, the country suffers from social unrest and violation.
Sources of Law;
The Consitution of the Republic of Haiti (Constitution de la Republique d'Haiti) (6)
Article 261:
The law ensures protection for all children. Any child is entitled to love, affection, understanding and moral and physical care from its father and mother.
Article 262 :
A Family Code must be drawn up to ensure protection and respect for the rights of the family and to define procedures of the search for affiliation. Courts and other Government agencies charges with the protection of these rights must be accessible free charge at the level of the smallest territorial division.
Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified Jun. 7,1995
Article 12 :
1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.
2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.
Law No. 9 on Minors, Custodianship, and Emancipation (7)
Art. 336 :
Any minor without a guardian will be provided one by the family council. This council will be convoked at the request of the parents of the minor, his creditors or other interested parties and even by itself, through the judge of the peace of the domicile of the minor.
Any person can inform the judge of the peace of the facts that give rise to the naming of a guardian.
In conclusion, Haitian law does not specifially prohibit trafficking internally or cross-border, so seeking judicial redress is futile, and police child protection unit does not pursue these cases because statutory restrictions do not exist.
Nonetheless, in March 2009, the Haitian Parliament ratified (but does not enforce) the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols on human trafficking and smuggling. The parliament is also considering a human trafficking
law, but real social charge was never before achieved, except under Aristide. Haitians have been oppressed for over 500 years. The current government has done nothing to change the situation, and now cannot under occupation.
Last but not least;
"Please let me go back home! Don't make me stay here! I think I'm only about 11 and why can't I be with my family? Why do I have to stay here? I wish I were back home. I miss it so much!"
This tragic plea of help is not only a problem of Haiti but a global issue that should be solved.
Footnotes:
1) Restavec From Haitian Slave Child to Middle Class American - Jean Robert Cadet
3)Julie Bergeron, Unicef Head Of Children Protection in Haiti
4) Initial reports of States parties due in 1997: Haiti
5) Initial reports of States parties due in 1997: Haiti
6) Constitution de la Republique d'Haiti (art; 261, 262)
7) no. 9 sur la minorite, la tutelle et l'emancipation (art;336)